PRESENT PERFECT

http://youtu.be/P6aiGiWwvIU

 

 The present perfect is used in the English language to narrate events that have already occurred in a time-specific or not, in the past but still have a relevance in the present.

Corresponds in structure with the present perfect in Spanish, ie, the verb is constructed with the auxiliary verb have or if you have third-person singular (he, she, it), plus the participle of the verb: subject + have / has + verb in past participle, but not always in use: I have been married for two years. (I've been married two years.)

In the sense of the previous example, it is especially important to use to connect the past with the present, and even future. Hence, frequent use adverbs of time as for, since, etc.

 

Examples:

 

Affirmative

• I have eaten an apple. (Me he comido una manzana.)

• He has bought a car. (Él ha comprado un coche.).

Negative

• I've never been to Salamanca. (Nunca he estado en Salamanca.)
• I haven't finished yet. (Aún no he terminado.)

Interrogative

• How many times have you seen that film? (¿Cuantas veces has visto esa película?)
• Have you been to the Prado? (¿Has estado en el Prado?)

  For and Since

Affirmative

• I have been here for four years. (Llevo cuatro años aquí.)
• I have lived here since 2011 (Vivo aquí desde 2011.)

Negative

• I haven't seen them for a long time. (No les veo desde hace mucho tiempo.)
• I haven't been here since I was a kid. (No he estado aquí desde que era crío.)

  Already, (not) yet o just

While for and since set when the action is over, shares down already and yet still not finished. Yet only be used in negative and question and can only be used already in the affirmative:

• already: ya, p. ej. I have already done my homework (Ya he hecho mis deberes.);
• just: acabar de, p. ej. I have just done my homework (Acabo de hacer mis deberes.);
• (not) yet: todavía no, aún, p. ej. I haven't done my homework yet (Todavía no he hecho mis deberes.)

 

http://youtu.be/gssOjXmjQsk

Auxiliary Verb

 

  

An auxiliary verb is a verb used to add functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it appears  for example, to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc. Auxiliary verbs usually accompany a main verb, the main verb providing the main semantic content of the clause in which it appears. An example is the verb have in the sentence I have finished my dinner – here the main verb is finish, and the auxiliary have helps to express the . Some sentences contain a chain of two or more auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs, helper verbs, or (verbal) auxiliaries

Examples:

• If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants."
  (Isaac Newton)


• "A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds."
  (Sir Francis Bacon)


• "We are all worms, but I do believe I am a glowworm."
  (Winston Churchill)


• "I did not invent Irish dancing."
  (Bart Simpson, The Simpsons)

Modal Verbs

MODAL VERBS

http://youtu.be/anjFtHbZabs

 

A modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality – that is, likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation.Examples include the English verbs can, must, and should.

A modal auxiliary verb gives more information about the function of the main verb that it governs. Modals have a wide variety of communicative functions, but these functions can generally be related to a scale ranging from possibility (may) to necessity (must), in terms of one of the following types of modality. For example:

I can have lunch with you tomorrow. / Puedo comer contigo mañana.

I can’t see you this weekend. / No puedo verte esta fin de semana.